perinorm-cd capsule cr - Metoclopramide (15mg) medicine

Metocontin 15 mg Tablet: Complete Guide to Uses, Side Effects, and Safety

No reviews yet
🏭 Ipca Laboratories Ltd 📦 Varies by brand 💊 Allopathy 📅 Updated: Sep 23, 2026
📋 Prescription Required 💊 Generic Available
Medically Reviewed
11 min read
Evidence: Well-established for approved indications.
Reviewed by
SaathiMed Expert Panel | Sep 23, 2026

When to Call Your Doctor IMMEDIATELY

  • Involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs
  • High fever with muscle stiffness and confusion
  • Severe abdominal pain or vomiting blood
  • Irregular heartbeat or palpitations
  • Sudden mood changes or thoughts of self-harm
  • Seizures
  • Signs of an allergic reaction such as rash, itching, swelling of face or throat, or difficulty breathing

If experiencing severe symptoms, call emergency services immediately.

What is perinorm-cd capsule cr used for?

This medicine is a prescription medication used to treat nausea, vomiting, and conditions associated with delayed stomach emptying, such as diabetic gastroparesis and GERD. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain and gut, speeding up digestion and reducing nausea. It is usually taken 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime, and treatment should not exceed 12 weeks in most cases due to the risk of serious movement disorders.

  • Generic Name: Metoclopramide (15mg)
  • Manufacturer: Ipca Laboratories Ltd
  • Form: Allopathy
  • Pregnancy Category: Consult doctor
  • Prescription Required: Yes

🇮🇳 perinorm-cd capsule cr के बारे में (Hindi Summary)

उपयोग: यह दवा मेटोक्लोप्रामाइड 15 मिलीग्राम टैबलेट के रूप में उपलब्ध है और मुख्य रूप से मतली, उल्टी और पेट की समस्याओं जैसे डायबिटिक गैस्ट्रोपेरेसिस और गैस्ट्रोएसोफेजियल रिफ्लक्स डिजीज (जीईआरडी) के इलाज के लिए इस्तेमाल की जाती है। यह दवा पेट की गति को तेज करती है और मतली को कम करती है। यह कीमोथेरेपी या सर्जरी के कारण होने वाली मतली और उल्टी को रोकने में भी मदद करती है। इस दवा को डॉक्टर के निर्देशानुसार ही लें और 12 सप्ताह से अधिक समय तक न लें।

साइड इफेक्ट्स: इस दवा के सामान्य दुष्प्रभावों में नींद आना, बेचैनी, थकान और सिरदर्द शामिल हैं। कुछ लोगों को चक्कर आना, भ्रम या नींद न आने की समस्या हो सकती है। गंभीर दुष्प्रभावों में टार्डिव डिस्किनेसिया (चेहरे, जीभ या अंगों में अनैच्छिक हरकतें) और न्यूरोलेप्टिक मैलिग्नेंट सिंड्रोम (तेज बुखार, मांसपेशियों में अकड़न) शामिल हैं। अगर आपको कोई असामान्य लक्षण दिखे तो तुरंत डॉक्टर से संपर्क करें।

सुरक्षा सलाह: इस दवा को डॉक्टर के बताए अनुसार ही लें। अपनी मर्जी से दवा की मात्रा या अवधि न बढ़ाएं। इस दवा को लेने के दौरान वाहन चलाने या भारी मशीनरी चलाने से बचें क्योंकि इससे नींद और चक्कर आ सकते हैं। शराब का सेवन न करें। अगर आपको किडनी या लीवर की समस्या है तो डॉक्टर को बताएं। गर्भवती या स्तनपान कराने वाली महिलाएं डॉक्टर से सलाह लें। दवा को बच्चों की पहुंच से दूर रखें।

💡 Did You Know? The first generic medicine was introduced in India in 1970 after the Patents Act was amended.

💊 perinorm-cd capsule cr Uses & Benefits

[{"condition":"Diabetic gastroparesis","description":"Helps to relieve symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and bloating by speeding up stomach emptying.","evidence":"Well-established"},{"condition":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)","description":"Reduces heartburn and acid reflux by accelerating gastric emptying and increasing lower esophageal sphincter tone.","evidence":"Well-established"},{"condition":"Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","description":"Used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, often in combination with other antiemetics.","evidence":"Well-established"},{"condition":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting","description":"Used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting after surgery.","evidence":"Well-established"},{"condition":"Migraine-associated nausea","description":"May be used to relieve nausea associated with migraines, and can also help with gastric stasis that delays absorption of migraine medications.","evidence":"Moderate"}]

Off-label uses: [{"condition":"Lactation enhancement","description":"Sometimes used off-label to increase breast milk production, but this is not recommended due to potential risks to the infant.","evidence":"Limited"},{"condition":"Nausea in pregnancy","description":"May be prescribed off-label for severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, but only after careful evaluation of risks and benefits.","evidence":"Limited"}]

Primary treatment for: Diabetic gastroparesis

Also treats: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, Postoperative nausea and vomiting, Migraine-associated nausea

📋 Drug Information

Generic Name(s)Metoclopramide (15mg)
Brand Nameperinorm-cd capsule cr
ManufacturerIpca Laboratories Ltd
Packaging / FormVaries by brand (Allopathy)
Therapeutic ClassGASTRO INTESTINAL
Action ClassDopamine (D2) receptor antagonist-Prokinetic agent
Route of AdministrationOral
StorageStore at room temperature between 15°C and 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Protect from light and moisture. Keep in the original container.
Shelf Life24 months from the date of manufacture.
WHO GuidelineNot established from the available information.
ICMR GuidelineNot established from the available information.

👨‍⚕️ Doctor's Practical Tips

Evidence-based practical advice from experienced clinicians

1
Take this medicine 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime for best results.
2
Do not take this medicine for longer than 12 weeks unless your doctor specifically advises it, due to the risk of tardive dyskinesia.
3
Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until you know how this medicine affects you, as it can cause drowsiness.
4
Inform your doctor if you have kidney or liver problems, as dose adjustments may be needed.
5
Do not stop taking this medicine suddenly without consulting your doctor.
6
Report any unusual movements of the face, tongue, or limbs to your doctor immediately.
7
Avoid alcohol while taking this medicine to prevent increased drowsiness and other side effects.

🔍 Is This Medicine Right for Your Symptom?

Educational reference. Always consult a doctor for diagnosis.

Nausea and vomiting
This medicine is commonly prescribed for these symptoms.
Likely Use
Heartburn
This medicine may be used for GERD-related heartburn.
Likely Use
Bloating and early satiety
This medicine helps with gastroparesis symptoms.
Likely Use
Fever
This medicine is not a primary fever reducer.
Not Primary
Headache
This medicine is not typically used for headache unless associated with nausea.
Not Primary

🔬 How This Medicine Works (Pharmacology)

Pharmacokinetics

AbsorptionThis medicine is rapidly and well absorbed after oral administration. Bioavailability is approximately 80%.
DistributionThis medicine is widely distributed in the body and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It also crosses the placenta and is excreted in breast milk.
Protein BindingApproximately 30% bound to plasma proteins.
MetabolismThis medicine is metabolized in the liver, primarily by conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate. It is also metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP2D6.
Half-LifeThe elimination half-life is approximately 5 to 6 hours in adults with normal renal function.
ExcretionThis medicine and its metabolites are primarily excreted in the urine (about 85%) and feces (about 5%).
BioavailabilityApproximately 80% after oral administration.
Onset of ActionOnset of action is typically within 30 to 60 minutes after oral administration.
Peak Plasma TimePeak plasma concentration is reached in about 1 to 2 hours after oral administration.
Duration of ActionThe duration of action is approximately 1 to 2 hours for gastrointestinal effects, but antiemetic effects may last longer.

How It Works

This medicine works by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain and in the gastrointestinal tract. This blockade prevents the sensation of nausea and triggers the vomiting reflex. Additionally, it enhances the action of acetylcholine in the gastrointestinal tract, which increases the tone and amplitude of gastric contractions and accelerates gastric emptying. It also relaxes the pyloric sphincter and duodenum, allowing food to move more quickly from the stomach to the small intestine. These combined effects make this medicine effective for nausea, vomiting, and conditions associated with delayed gastric emptying.

Mechanism Steps

1
Dopamine D2 receptor blockade: This medicine binds to and blocks dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, preventing the signal that triggers nausea and vomiting.
2
Enhanced gastrointestinal motility: By blocking dopamine receptors in the gut, this medicine enhances the release of acetylcholine, which increases gastric contractions and speeds up gastric emptying.
3
Increased lower esophageal sphincter tone: This medicine increases the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, which helps prevent acid reflux.
4
Relaxation of pyloric sphincter: This medicine relaxes the pyloric sphincter and duodenum, allowing food to pass more easily from the stomach to the intestines.

💡 How to Take perinorm-cd capsule cr

Strength: Tablet, 15 mg

1Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water.
2Take it 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime, as directed by your doctor.
3Swallow the tablet whole. Do not crush, chew, or break it.
4If you have trouble swallowing the tablet, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
5Do not take more than the prescribed dose.

Dosage Information

Adult DosageThe usual adult dose of this medicine is 10 to 15 mg taken up to three times daily, 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime. For diabetic gastroparesis, the recommended dose is 10 mg four times daily, 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime, for 2 to 8 weeks. For chemotherapy-induced nausea, the dose may be higher and is determined by the oncologist. The maximum recommended dose is 45 mg per day. Dose must be individualized by a qualified clinician based on indication, age, weight, renal and hepatic function.
Pediatric DosagePediatric dosing is not established from available information. Consult a pediatrician.
Elderly DosageElderly patients are more sensitive to the side effects of this medicine, especially tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms. The dose should be reduced, and treatment should not exceed 12 weeks except in rare cases. Consult a doctor for appropriate dosing.
Renal ImpairmentIn patients with renal impairment, the dose should be reduced according to creatinine clearance. For creatinine clearance 10-50 mL/min, the dose should be reduced by 50%. For creatinine clearance less than 10 mL/min, the dose should be reduced by 75%. Consult a doctor for specific dosing.
Hepatic ImpairmentIn patients with severe hepatic impairment, the dose may need to be reduced. Use with caution and consult a doctor for appropriate dosing.
Maximum Daily Dose45 mg per day.

Dosage Timeline

🌅 Morning ❌ ☀️ Afternoon ❌ 🌆 Evening ❌ 🌙 Night ❌

🍽️ Food Timing Guide

With meals
Take 30 minutes before meals
Enhances absorption and effectiveness for gastric emptying.
Alcohol
Avoid
Increases drowsiness and CNS depression.
Caffeine
Limit
May increase restlessness and insomnia.

⏰ What to Do If You Miss a Dose

📌 Less than half the dosing interval has passed
→ Take the missed dose as soon as you remember.
💡 Continue with the regular schedule.
📌 More than half the dosing interval has passed
→ Skip the missed dose.
💡 Do not double dose to catch up.

⚠️ Side Effects of perinorm-cd capsule cr

✅ Common Side Effects

Drowsiness (Common (10-20%))
Avoid driving or operating machinery until you know how this medicine affects you. If drowsiness persists, consult your doctor.
Restlessness (Common (5-10%))
This usually resolves on its own. If it becomes bothersome, talk to your doctor.
Fatigue (Common (5-10%))
Get adequate rest. If fatigue interferes with daily activities, consult your doctor.
Headache (Common (5-10%))
Stay hydrated and rest. If headache is severe or persistent, seek medical advice.

🚨 Serious Side Effects

Tardive dyskinesia (Rare (<0.1%))
Seek immediate medical attention if you notice involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (Rare (<0.1%))
This is a medical emergency. Seek immediate care if you experience high fever, muscle stiffness, confusion, or irregular heartbeat.
Depression (Uncommon (0.1-1%))
If you feel persistently sad or have thoughts of self-harm, contact your doctor immediately.
Seizures (Rare (<0.1%))
Seek emergency medical help if you have a seizure.

⚠️ Rare Side Effects

Methemoglobinemia
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience bluish discoloration of lips or skin, shortness of breath, or confusion.
Agranulocytosis
Report any signs of infection such as fever, sore throat, or mouth ulcers to your doctor promptly.

Consult your doctor if you experience any unusual symptoms.

🔬 Drug Interactions

Drug Severity Effect
Haloperidol Major
MAOIs Major
Levodopa Major
Benzodiazepines Moderate
SSRIs Moderate
Digoxin Moderate
Paracetamol Minor
Cimetidine Minor
Alcohol Moderate
Caffeine Minor

🚨 Major Interactions

  • Antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, risperidone)
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • Levodopa

⚡ Moderate Interactions

  • CNS depressants (e.g., benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol)
  • Serotonergic drugs (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans)
  • Digoxin

🍷 Alcohol Interaction

Avoid drinking alcohol while taking this medicine, as it can increase drowsiness, dizziness, and other central nervous system side effects. Alcohol may also worsen the movement disorders associated with this medicine.

🔎 Check Your Other Medicines

Educational tool. Always confirm with your doctor or pharmacist.

🛡️ Safety & Warnings

🚫 Contraindications

["Known hypersensitivity to metoclopramide or any component of the formulation.","Gastrointestinal obstruction, perforation, or hemorrhage.","Pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland tumor).","Seizure disorders (e.g., epilepsy).","Parkinson's disease.","History of tardive dyskinesia or dystonic reactions with metoclopramide.","Concurrent use with MAOIs or within 2 weeks of stopping an MAOI."]

⚠️ Warnings & Precautions

["Tardive dyskinesia: This medicine can cause tardive dyskinesia, a serious and potentially irreversible movement disorder. Risk increases with duration of treatment and total cumulative dose. Treatment beyond 12 weeks is not recommended unless medically necessary.","Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A life-threatening reaction characterized by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability. Discontinue immediately if suspected.","Depression and suicidal thoughts: This medicine may cause or worsen depression. Monitor patients for mood changes.","Use in elderly: Elderly patients are more sensitive to the effects of this medicine, especially extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Use with caution and at reduced doses.","Renal impairment: Dose adjustment is required in patients with reduced kidney function.","Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with severe liver disease.","Driving and operating machinery: This medicine may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Avoid these activities until you know how it affects you.","Alcohol: Avoid alcohol while taking this medicine."]

🤱 Lactation Safety

This medicine is excreted in breast milk. It may cause side effects in the nursing infant, such as drowsiness and restlessness. Use with caution and only if prescribed by a doctor. Monitor the infant for any unusual symptoms.

💊 Overdose Management

Overdose of this medicine may cause drowsiness, confusion, extrapyramidal symptoms, and cardiac arrhythmias. If you suspect an overdose, seek emergency medical attention immediately. Treatment is supportive and symptomatic. There is no specific antidote. Gastric lavage may be considered if ingestion is recent. Monitor vital signs and cardiac rhythm.

⏰ Missed Dose

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

Additional Safety Advice

General Safety

Take this medicine exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take more than the recommended dose or for longer than 12 weeks unless directed by your doctor. Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until you know how this medicine affects you, as it can cause drowsiness and dizziness. Avoid drinking alcohol while taking this medicine, as it can increase drowsiness and other side effects. Inform your doctor if you have kidney or liver problems, as dose adjustments may be needed. Do not stop taking this medicine suddenly without consulting your doctor. If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, talk to your doctor before using this medicine. Keep this medicine out of reach of children.

👴 Special Considerations for Elderly

💡 For Patients Above 65

Elderly patients are at higher risk of tardive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal symptoms. The dose should be reduced, and treatment should not exceed 12 weeks except in rare cases. Regular monitoring for neurological symptoms is essential.

🤰 Pregnancy Planning (TTC)

If you are planning to become pregnant, consult your doctor before taking this medicine. It should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your healthcare provider.

🏥 Post-Surgery Considerations

This medicine may be used to prevent or treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. It should be used with caution in patients recovering from surgery, especially if they have underlying conditions such as kidney or liver impairment. Follow your surgeon's instructions regarding dosing and monitoring.

🦷 Dental Procedures

Inform your dentist if you are taking this medicine before any dental procedure. It may interact with certain medications used during dental procedures, such as sedatives. Your dentist may need to adjust your treatment plan.

💚 Lifestyle Tips for Better Results

🏃
Eat small, frequent meals to help manage gastroparesis symptoms.
🥗
Avoid lying down immediately after eating to reduce reflux.
😴
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on the stomach.
💧
Stay hydrated by drinking fluids between meals rather than with meals.
🧘
Limit caffeine and alcohol intake as they can worsen symptoms.
🌞
Get regular physical activity to improve digestion and overall health.

🏋️ Exercise Considerations

This medicine may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Avoid strenuous exercise or activities that require alertness until you know how this medicine affects you. If you experience dizziness or fatigue, rest and consult your doctor before resuming exercise.

🥗 Diet Recommendations

Eat small, frequent meals.
Avoid high-fat and spicy foods that can worsen nausea.
Include bland, easy-to-digest foods like crackers, toast, and rice.
Stay hydrated with clear fluids.
Avoid alcohol and caffeine.

💼 Impact on Daily Work & Life

This medicine can cause drowsiness, dizziness, and restlessness, which may affect your ability to drive or operate machinery. It is advisable to avoid these activities until you know how the medicine affects you. Inform your employer if your job requires alertness. The medicine may also cause mood changes, so monitor your mental health and seek support if needed.

🛑 When to Stop This Medicine

Do not stop taking this medicine without consulting your doctor. Your doctor will determine the appropriate duration of treatment based on your condition. If you experience serious side effects such as involuntary movements, high fever with muscle stiffness, or severe mood changes, stop the medicine and seek immediate medical attention.

📅 Long-Term Use Effects

Long-term use of this medicine, especially beyond 12 weeks, increases the risk of tardive dyskinesia, a potentially irreversible movement disorder. Other long-term effects may include depression, parkinsonism, and tardive dystonia. Regular monitoring for neurological symptoms is recommended. The medicine should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary.

🌿 Non-Medicine Approaches

These can complement medicine but do not replace prescribed treatment.

Dietary modifications

Eating small, frequent, low-fat meals can help manage gastroparesis and GERD symptoms.

Evidence: Well-established
Acupuncture

May help reduce nausea and vomiting in some patients.

Evidence: Limited
Ginger

Natural remedy that may help with nausea, but evidence is mixed.

Evidence: Limited

💉 Vaccination Considerations

💉 If You're Getting Vaccinated

There are no known interactions between this medicine and vaccines. However, if you are scheduled for vaccination, inform your healthcare provider about all medicines you are taking.

📦 Storage Guide

✅ DO

Store at room temperature (15-30°C)

❌ DON'T

Do not refrigerate unless specified

✅ DO

Keep in original container

❌ DON'T

Do not transfer to unmarked containers

✅ DO

Keep away from direct sunlight

❌ DON'T

Do not store in bathroom cabinet

✈️ Traveling with This Medicine

When traveling, carry this medicine in its original packaging with a copy of your prescription. Store it at room temperature and protect it from extreme heat or moisture. If crossing time zones, adjust your dosing schedule gradually to avoid missing doses. Check local customs regulations regarding prescription medicines before traveling internationally. Always keep this medicine in your carry-on luggage to avoid loss or temperature extremes.

💰 Cost Analysis & Savings

👥 Real Patient Stories

Educational, anonymized scenarios. Individual results may vary.

👤 A 52-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and gastroparesis
He was prescribed this medicine 10 mg four times daily before meals and at bedtime. After two weeks, his nausea and bloating significantly improved, and he could eat without discomfort. He was advised to take it with food and to report any unusual movements. He adhered to the 8-week course and then stopped as directed.
💡 Lesson: Taking this medicine as prescribed and for the recommended duration can effectively manage gastroparesis symptoms without long-term risks.
👤 A 35-year-old woman undergoing chemotherapy
She experienced severe nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy sessions. Her doctor prescribed this medicine along with other antiemetics. She took it 30 minutes before meals and found significant relief. She was monitored for side effects and completed her chemotherapy course without major issues.
💡 Lesson: This medicine can be an effective part of a regimen to control chemotherapy-induced nausea when used under medical supervision.

💬 Questions Patients Often Ask

Q: How long does it take to work?

A: This medicine usually starts working within 30 to 60 minutes after oral administration.

Q: Can I take this medicine with food?

A: It is best taken 30 minutes before meals to enhance its effects on gastric emptying.

Q: What should I do if I miss a dose?

A: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular schedule. Do not double dose.

Q: Is this medicine safe for long-term use?

A: Treatment with this medicine should generally not exceed 12 weeks due to the risk of tardive dyskinesia. Long-term use should only be under strict medical supervision.

Q: Can I stop taking this medicine suddenly?

A: Do not stop taking this medicine without consulting your doctor. Sudden discontinuation may cause withdrawal symptoms or worsening of your condition.

🤔 Common Patient Concerns

💭 These are the concerns patients most commonly raise

  • Can I take this medicine long-term?
  • Will it affect my kidney function?
  • Can I drive after taking this medicine?
  • Does it interact with my blood pressure medicine?
  • What if I miss a dose?
  • Can I drink alcohol while taking this?
  • Is it safe during pregnancy?
  • What are the withdrawal symptoms?

🔄 Substitutes for perinorm-cd capsule cr

View All

Alternative brands with exact same active ingredient:

Medical Note: Always consult your doctor before switching medications.

🛑 Myths vs. Facts

  • Myth: This medicine is safe to take for as long as you want.
    Fact: This medicine should not be used for longer than 12 weeks in most cases due to the risk of tardive dyskinesia, a serious movement disorder.
  • Myth: This medicine can be taken with alcohol without any problems.
    Fact: Alcohol increases the sedative effects of this medicine and should be avoided.
  • Myth: This medicine is a good treatment for all types of nausea.
    Fact: This medicine is effective for specific types of nausea, such as that caused by gastroparesis or chemotherapy, but it is not appropriate for all nausea types and has specific contraindications.

🔄 Alternative Options

Generic Alternatives

  • Metoclopramide 15 mg tablet

Brand Alternatives

  • Metocontin 15 mg tablet

📊 Comparison with Similar Medicines

[{"medicine":"Metoclopramide","class":"Dopamine antagonist","primary_use":"Gastroparesis, nausea, vomiting","route":"Oral, IV, IM","common_side_effects":"Drowsiness, restlessness, extrapyramidal symptoms"},{"medicine":"Domperidone","class":"Dopamine antagonist","primary_use":"Nausea, vomiting, gastroparesis","route":"Oral","common_side_effects":"Dry mouth, headache, abdominal cramps"},{"medicine":"Ondansetron","class":"5-HT3 antagonist","primary_use":"Chemotherapy-induced nausea, postoperative nausea","route":"Oral, IV, IM","common_side_effects":"Headache, constipation, fatigue"}]

😊 Was this information helpful?

Browse Medicines A-Z

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Back to Medicines Directory