ithiofast injection - Thiopental Sodium (1gm) medicine

Thiosol 1 gm Injection (Thiopental Sodium): Complete Medicine Guide

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🏭 6ipain Healthcare Pvt Ltd 📦 Varies by brand 💊 Allopathy 📅 Updated: Sep 26, 2026
📋 Prescription Required 💊 Generic Available
Medically Reviewed
11 min read
Evidence: Well-established for anesthetic use; limited for other uses.
Reviewed by
SaathiMed Expert Panel | Sep 26, 2026
🩺
Medically Fact-Checked & Clinically Verified by SaathiMed Clinical Review Board
Clinical Reference Standards: CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation), Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) & WHO | Last Updated: September 2026

When to Call Your Doctor IMMEDIATELY

  • Severe difficulty breathing or stopped breathing
  • Chest pain or irregular heartbeat
  • Sudden severe drop in blood pressure
  • Swelling, redness, or pain at the injection site
  • Signs of allergic reaction such as rash, itching, or swelling of the face, lips, or throat
  • Prolonged confusion or excessive drowsiness after the procedure
  • Decreased urine output or no urine output

If experiencing severe symptoms, call emergency services immediately.

What is ithiofast injection used for?

Thiopental sodium 1 gram injection is a short-acting barbiturate used for the induction of general anesthesia and for short surgical procedures. It works rapidly to produce unconsciousness by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA in the brain. It must be administered only by trained anesthesia providers in a monitored setting.

  • Generic Name: Thiopental Sodium (1gm)
  • Manufacturer: 6ipain Healthcare Pvt Ltd
  • Form: Allopathy
  • Pregnancy Category: Consult doctor
  • Prescription Required: Yes

🇮🇳 ithiofast injection के बारे में (Hindi Summary)

उपयोग: यह दवा थायोपेंटल सोडियम 1 ग्राम इंजेक्शन के रूप में उपलब्ध है, जिसका उपयोग सामान्य एनेस्थीसिया (बेहोशी) शुरू करने के लिए किया जाता है। यह छोटी सर्जरी के दौरान बेहोशी बनाए रखने में भी मदद करती है। यह दवा मस्तिष्क में गामा-एमिनोब्यूटिरिक एसिड (GABA) के प्रभाव को बढ़ाकर काम करती है, जिससे रोगी जल्दी बेहोश हो जाता है। यह केवल अस्पताल में प्रशिक्षित एनेस्थेसियोलॉजिस्ट द्वारा ही दी जानी चाहिए। इसे घर पर या बिना निगरानी के नहीं दिया जा सकता।

साइड इफेक्ट्स: इस दवा के सामान्य दुष्प्रभावों में नींद आना, चक्कर आना, मतली, उल्टी और हिचकी शामिल हैं। गंभीर दुष्प्रभावों में सांस की गंभीर कमी, निम्न रक्तचाप, हृदय गति रुकना, लैरिंगोस्पाज्म और एनाफिलेक्सिस हो सकते हैं। दुर्लभ मामलों में इंजेक्शन स्थल पर ऊतक क्षति हो सकती है। इन सभी का प्रबंधन अस्पताल में डॉक्टरों द्वारा किया जाता है।

सुरक्षा सलाह: यह दवा केवल अस्पताल या सर्जिकल सेंटर में प्रशिक्षित एनेस्थेसियोलॉजिस्ट द्वारा ही दी जानी चाहिए। इस दवा को देने से पहले रोगी को अपनी सभी एलर्जी, दवाओं और स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं के बारे में डॉक्टर को बताना चाहिए। गर्भावस्था और स्तनपान के दौरान इसका उपयोग सावधानी से किया जाना चाहिए। इस दवा को लेने के बाद कम से कम 24 घंटे तक वाहन न चलाएं और मशीनरी न चलाएं। शराब का सेवन बिल्कुल न करें।

💡 Did You Know? India has the highest number of USFDA-compliant plants outside the USA.

💊 ithiofast injection Uses & Benefits

[{"condition":"Induction of general anesthesia","description":"This medicine is used to rapidly induce unconsciousness before other anesthetic agents are administered.","evidence":"Well-established"},{"condition":"Short surgical procedures","description":"It can be used as a sole anesthetic for brief procedures or as an adjunct to other agents.","evidence":"Well-established"},{"condition":"Refractory intracranial hypertension","description":"In critical care, this medicine may be used to reduce elevated intracranial pressure that has not responded to other measures.","evidence":"Limited"},{"condition":"Cerebral protection during neurosurgery","description":"It may be employed to reduce cerebral metabolic demand and protect the brain during certain neurosurgical procedures.","evidence":"Limited"}]

Off-label uses: [{"condition":"Status epilepticus","description":"Rarely used off-label for refractory seizures when other treatments fail.","evidence":"Limited"},{"condition":"Sedation in intensive care","description":"Occasionally used for long-term sedation in critically ill patients, though propofol is more common.","evidence":"Limited"}]

Primary treatment for: Induction of general anesthesia

Also treats: Short surgical procedures, Refractory intracranial hypertension, Cerebral protection during neurosurgery

📋 Drug Information

Generic Name(s)Thiopental Sodium (1gm)
Brand Nameithiofast injection
Manufacturer6ipain Healthcare Pvt Ltd
Packaging / FormVaries by brand (Allopathy)
Therapeutic ClassPAIN ANALGESICS
Action ClassBarbiturate
Route of AdministrationParenteral (intravenous)
StorageStore below 25°C, protected from light. Do not freeze. Reconstituted solutions should be used immediately; discard any unused portion.
Shelf LifeRefer to the product label for the exact shelf life. Typically 24 to 36 months from the date of manufacture when stored as directed.
WHO GuidelineNot established from the available information.
ICMR GuidelineNot established from the available information.

👨‍⚕️ Doctor's Practical Tips

Evidence-based practical advice from experienced clinicians

1
Administer this medicine only in a setting with immediate access to resuscitation equipment and trained personnel.
2
Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation continuously during and after administration.
3
Reduce the dose in elderly, debilitated, or hypovolemic patients to avoid severe hypotension.
4
Ensure proper intravenous access before injection to prevent extravasation and tissue necrosis.
5
Be prepared to manage respiratory depression with assisted ventilation and oxygen.
6
Avoid concurrent use with other central nervous system depressants unless absolutely necessary, and reduce doses accordingly.
7
Inform patients not to drive or operate machinery for at least 24 hours after receiving this medicine.

🔍 Is This Medicine Right for Your Symptom?

Educational reference. Always consult a doctor for diagnosis.

✅
Need for anesthesia
This medicine is used for induction of general anesthesia.
Likely Use
✅
Elevated intracranial pressure
May be used in critical care for refractory cases.
Likely Use
❌
Pain
This medicine is not a painkiller; it induces unconsciousness.
Not Primary

🔬 How This Medicine Works (Pharmacology)

Pharmacokinetics

AbsorptionThis medicine is administered intravenously, so absorption is not applicable. It achieves immediate and complete bioavailability when injected intravenously.
DistributionThiopental sodium is highly lipid-soluble and distributes rapidly to well-perfused tissues, including the brain, heart, and kidneys. It then redistributes to less perfused tissues such as muscle and fat. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.
Protein BindingApproximately 80% of thiopental sodium is bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
MetabolismThiopental sodium is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes, primarily CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, to inactive metabolites. Hepatic metabolism is relatively slow, contributing to its prolonged elimination half-life.
Half-LifeThe elimination half-life of thiopental sodium is approximately 8 to 10 hours, but it can be prolonged in obese patients, elderly patients, and those with hepatic impairment.
ExcretionMetabolites of thiopental sodium are excreted primarily in the urine. Only a small fraction of the unchanged drug is excreted in urine.
BioavailabilityBioavailability is 100% when administered intravenously.
Onset of ActionOnset of action is rapid, typically within 30 to 60 seconds after intravenous injection.
Peak Plasma TimePeak plasma concentration is achieved immediately after intravenous injection.
Duration of ActionThe duration of action for a single induction dose is approximately 5 to 20 minutes, but the effects can be prolonged with repeated doses or continuous infusion due to accumulation in fat tissue.

How It Works

This medicine acts by binding to the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-chloride channel complex in the central nervous system. This binding enhances the inhibitory effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid, leading to increased chloride ion influx and hyperpolarization of neurons. The result is a decrease in neuronal excitability and depression of the central nervous system, producing sedation, hypnosis, and anesthesia.

Mechanism Steps

1
Binding to GABA-A receptor: This medicine binds to a specific site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel.
2
Enhancement of GABA effect: The binding increases the affinity of the receptor for gamma-aminobutyric acid, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
3
Increased chloride conductance: Activation of the receptor leads to opening of the chloride channel, allowing chloride ions to flow into the neuron.
4
Neuronal hyperpolarization: The influx of negatively charged chloride ions makes the inside of the neuron more negative, hyperpolarizing the cell membrane.
5
CNS depression: Hyperpolarization reduces the likelihood of action potential generation, leading to decreased neuronal excitability and overall central nervous system depression.

💡 How to Take ithiofast injection

Strength: Thiopental sodium 1 gram injection (powder for solution)

1This medicine is administered by a healthcare professional in a hospital or surgical setting.
2The powder is reconstituted with sterile water for injection or normal saline as directed.
3The solution is injected intravenously over 10 to 15 seconds for induction.
4Continuous monitoring of vital signs is performed during and after administration.
5Resuscitation equipment must be immediately available.
6The patient is observed until fully recovered from anesthesia.

Dosage Information

Adult DosageThe dose of this medicine must be individualized by a qualified clinician based on indication, age, weight, renal and hepatic function, and the patient's response. For induction of general anesthesia, a typical adult dose is 3 to 5 mg per kg of body weight administered intravenously over 10 to 15 seconds. For short surgical procedures, additional doses of 1 to 2 mg per kg may be given as needed. For refractory intracranial hypertension, doses are titrated to effect under close monitoring. This information is for educational purposes only and does not replace clinical judgment.
Pediatric DosagePediatric dosing is not established from available information. Consult a pediatrician or pediatric anesthesiologist for appropriate dosing.
Elderly DosageElderly patients are more sensitive to the effects of this medicine due to decreased hepatic metabolism and decreased cardiac output. Lower doses should be used, and the dose should be titrated carefully. Close monitoring of vital signs is essential.
Renal ImpairmentThiopental sodium is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. In patients with renal impairment, the dose should be reduced and the dosing interval extended. Close monitoring for prolonged sedation is advised.
Hepatic ImpairmentIn patients with hepatic impairment, the metabolism of thiopental sodium is reduced, leading to prolonged effects. The dose should be reduced, and the patient should be monitored closely for signs of excessive sedation.
Maximum Daily DoseThe maximum daily dose is not fixed and must be determined by a qualified clinician based on the patient's condition and response. There is no established maximum daily dose for this medicine when used in anesthesia.

Dosage Timeline

🌅 Morning ❌ ☀️ Afternoon ❌ 🌆 Evening ❌ 🌙 Night ❌

🍽️ Food Timing Guide

Before anesthesia
Fasting is required
To prevent aspiration during anesthesia.
After anesthesia
Start with clear liquids
To assess tolerance and prevent nausea.

⏰ What to Do If You Miss a Dose

📌 This medicine is administered by healthcare professionals in a controlled setting.
→ Missed doses are not applicable.
💡 The medical team will manage the dosing schedule.

⚠️ Side Effects of ithiofast injection

✅ Common Side Effects

Drowsiness (Common (up to 100%))
This is expected after anesthesia. Rest and avoid driving or operating machinery for at least 24 hours.
Dizziness (Common)
Rise slowly from a sitting or lying position. Avoid sudden movements.
Nausea (Common)
Inform your nurse or doctor if you feel nauseated. Anti-nausea medication can be given.
Vomiting (Common)
Stay hydrated with small sips of clear fluids. Notify medical staff if persistent.
Hiccups (Common)
Usually resolves on its own. Inform your doctor if bothersome.

🚨 Serious Side Effects

Respiratory depression (Common (dose-dependent))
This is managed by the anesthesia team with ventilatory support. Patients are monitored continuously.
Severe hypotension (Uncommon)
Requires immediate medical intervention with fluids and vasopressors. Blood pressure is monitored closely.
Cardiovascular collapse (Rare)
Emergency resuscitation measures are initiated immediately.
Laryngospasm (Uncommon)
Requires immediate airway management and possible muscle relaxants.
Bronchospasm (Uncommon)
Treated with bronchodilators and oxygen. Inform your doctor if you have asthma.
Anaphylaxis (Rare)
Emergency treatment with epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids is required.

⚠️ Rare Side Effects

Paradoxical excitation
May require additional sedation. Inform the anesthesia team.
Tissue necrosis at injection site
Requires immediate medical attention. May need surgical debridement.
Allergic reactions
Seek immediate medical help if rash, itching, or swelling occurs.
Prolonged sedation
May require extended monitoring. Inform your doctor if you have liver or kidney problems.

Consult your doctor if you experience any unusual symptoms.

🔬 Drug Interactions

Drug Severity Effect
Opioids Major
Benzodiazepines Major
Alcohol Major
Antihypertensives Major
MAO inhibitors Major
Probenecid Moderate
Cimetidine Moderate
Valproic acid Moderate
Aspirin Minor
Diuretics Minor

🚨 Major Interactions

  • Other central nervous system depressants (e.g., opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol)
  • Antihypertensive agents
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

⚡ Moderate Interactions

  • Probenecid
  • Cimetidine
  • Valproic acid

🍷 Alcohol Interaction

Alcohol should be avoided before and after receiving this medicine because it can enhance the central nervous system depressant effects, leading to severe respiratory depression, hypotension, and prolonged sedation. Patients should not consume alcohol for at least 24 hours after anesthesia.

🔎 Check Your Other Medicines

Educational tool. Always confirm with your doctor or pharmacist.

🛡️ Safety & Warnings

🚫 Contraindications

["Known hypersensitivity to barbiturates","Severe cardiovascular disease","Acute intermittent porphyria","Severe respiratory depression or airway obstruction","Status asthmaticus"]

⚠️ Warnings & Precautions

["This medicine should be administered only by trained personnel in a setting with resuscitation equipment.","Rapid injection can cause severe hypotension and cardiovascular collapse.","Extravasation can cause tissue necrosis; ensure proper intravenous placement.","Use with caution in elderly, debilitated, and obese patients.","Prolonged use can lead to accumulation and prolonged sedation.","Tolerance and dependence can develop with prolonged use.","Avoid in patients with porphyria.","Use with caution in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.","May cause paradoxical excitation in some patients.","Not for intrathecal or intra-arterial administration."]

🤱 Lactation Safety

Thiopental sodium is excreted in breast milk in small amounts. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Infant monitoring for sedation is advised if used during breastfeeding.

💊 Overdose Management

Overdose of this medicine can cause profound central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, and cardiovascular collapse. Management includes immediate discontinuation of the drug, maintenance of a patent airway, assisted ventilation with oxygen, and support of circulation with fluids and vasopressors. There is no specific antidote. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are not effective due to the high lipid solubility and large volume of distribution. Supportive care in an intensive care unit is essential until the patient recovers.

⏰ Missed Dose

This medicine is administered by healthcare professionals in a controlled setting, so missed doses are not applicable. If a scheduled dose is missed, the medical team will determine the appropriate action based on the clinical situation.

Additional Safety Advice

General Safety

This medicine must be administered only by a qualified anesthesia provider in a hospital or surgical center with continuous monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory function. Resuscitation equipment and medications must be immediately available. Patients should inform their doctor of any allergies, especially to barbiturates, and of any history of asthma, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, or porphyria. This medicine should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary, and it is not recommended during breastfeeding. Avoid alcohol and other central nervous system depressants before and after receiving this medicine. Do not attempt to drive or operate machinery for at least 24 hours after administration. Report any signs of infection at the injection site, such as redness, swelling, or pain.

👴 Special Considerations for Elderly

💡 For Patients Above 65

Elderly patients are more sensitive to the effects of this medicine due to decreased hepatic metabolism, decreased cardiac output, and altered body composition. Lower doses should be used, and the dose should be titrated carefully. Close monitoring of vital signs is essential. The risk of prolonged sedation and cardiovascular depression is higher.

🤰 Pregnancy Planning (TTC)

If you are planning to become pregnant, discuss with your doctor before receiving this medicine. Thiopental sodium crosses the placenta and may cause respiratory depression in the newborn. It should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If you are pregnant and require surgery, your anesthesia team will choose the safest agent for you and your baby.

🏥 Post-Surgery Considerations

After surgery, you will be monitored in a recovery area until you are fully awake and your vital signs are stable. You may experience drowsiness, nausea, or dizziness. Follow your surgeon's instructions regarding activity, diet, and medications. Do not drive or operate machinery for at least 24 hours. Contact your doctor if you experience severe pain, bleeding, fever, or difficulty breathing.

🦷 Dental Procedures

This medicine is not typically used for dental procedures, which usually require local anesthesia or conscious sedation. If you are scheduled for dental work and have received this medicine recently, inform your dentist. You may need to postpone non-urgent dental procedures until you have fully recovered.

💚 Lifestyle Tips for Better Results

🏃
Follow your doctor's instructions regarding fasting before surgery.
🥗
Arrange for a responsible adult to accompany you home after the procedure.
😴
Avoid alcohol for at least 24 hours after receiving this medicine.
💧
Get plenty of rest after the procedure to aid recovery.
🧘
Stay hydrated by drinking clear fluids as tolerated.
🌞
Do not make important decisions or sign legal documents for 24 hours after anesthesia.

🏋️ Exercise Considerations

Avoid strenuous exercise or activities requiring coordination for at least 24 hours after receiving this medicine. You may feel drowsy or dizzy, so take time to recover before resuming your normal routine.

🥗 Diet Recommendations

Follow fasting guidelines before surgery.
Start with clear liquids after the procedure.
Progress to light, bland foods as tolerated.
Avoid heavy, spicy, or greasy meals immediately after anesthesia.
Stay well hydrated.

💼 Impact on Daily Work & Life

This medicine can cause drowsiness and impair your ability to drive or operate machinery for up to 24 hours after administration. You should not return to work or perform any hazardous tasks until you have fully recovered and your doctor has cleared you. Plan to take the day off after your procedure.

🛑 When to Stop This Medicine

This medicine is given as a single dose or short infusion by a healthcare professional. You do not need to stop it yourself. If you experience any unusual symptoms after the procedure, contact your doctor immediately.

📅 Long-Term Use Effects

Long-term use of this medicine is not common, as it is typically used for short procedures. However, prolonged infusion in critical care can lead to accumulation in fat tissue, resulting in prolonged sedation and delayed recovery. Tolerance and dependence can develop with extended use. Regular monitoring of liver and kidney function is advised for patients receiving prolonged therapy. There is no evidence of long-term organ damage with occasional use.

🌿 Non-Medicine Approaches

These can complement medicine but do not replace prescribed treatment.

Propofol

An alternative intravenous anesthetic with a faster recovery profile.

Evidence: Well-established
Etomidate

An alternative with minimal cardiovascular effects, suitable for hemodynamically unstable patients.

Evidence: Well-established
Ketamine

An alternative with analgesic properties, useful in certain patient populations.

Evidence: Well-established

💉 Vaccination Considerations

💉 If You're Getting Vaccinated

There are no specific vaccine interactions with this medicine. However, if you are scheduled for surgery, inform your doctor about any recent vaccinations. Live vaccines should be avoided around the time of surgery due to potential immune suppression from the stress of surgery and anesthesia.

📦 Storage Guide

✅ DO

Store below 25°C, protected from light

❌ DON'T

Do not freeze

✅ DO

Reconstitute immediately before use

❌ DON'T

Do not store reconstituted solution

✅ DO

Keep in original container

❌ DON'T

Do not transfer to unmarked containers

✈️ Traveling with This Medicine

This medicine is administered only in a hospital setting and is not for self-administration. Patients who have received this medicine should not travel alone immediately after the procedure. It is advisable to have a responsible adult accompany you for at least 24 hours. If you are traveling after a procedure, carry a copy of your prescription and medical records. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery. Store any remaining medication as directed by the hospital; do not carry it in personal luggage unless prescribed for emergency use, which is rare. Always declare controlled substances to customs if traveling internationally.

💰 Cost Analysis & Savings

👥 Real Patient Stories

Educational, anonymized scenarios. Individual results may vary.

👤 A 65-year-old man undergoing a short surgical procedure
This patient received thiopental sodium for induction of anesthesia. The anesthesiologist carefully monitored his vital signs and adjusted the dose based on his age and cardiovascular status. He experienced a brief period of hypotension that was managed with fluids. He woke up smoothly after the procedure and was monitored for a few hours before discharge.
💡 Lesson: Elderly patients require lower doses and close monitoring due to increased sensitivity to the effects of thiopental sodium.
👤 A 30-year-old woman with a history of asthma undergoing emergency surgery
This patient was given thiopental sodium for rapid induction of anesthesia. The anesthesia team was prepared for possible bronchospasm due to her asthma history. She tolerated the induction well, and the procedure was completed without respiratory complications. She was advised to avoid alcohol and driving for 24 hours after surgery.
💡 Lesson: Patients with asthma should be monitored closely for bronchospasm when receiving thiopental sodium, and appropriate bronchodilators should be readily available.

💬 Questions Patients Often Ask

Q: How long does it take to work?

A: This medicine works very quickly, usually within 30 to 60 seconds after intravenous injection.

Q: Will I feel pain during the injection?

A: You may feel a brief burning sensation at the injection site, but you will quickly become unconscious.

Q: How long will I be asleep?

A: A single dose typically produces anesthesia for 5 to 20 minutes, but additional doses can prolong the effect.

Q: Can I drive home after the procedure?

A: No, you should not drive or operate machinery for at least 24 hours after receiving this medicine. Arrange for someone to drive you home.

Q: Is this medicine safe for children?

A: Pediatric dosing is not established from available information. Consult a pediatric anesthesiologist.

🤔 Common Patient Concerns

💭 These are the concerns patients most commonly raise

  • Can I take this medicine at home?
  • Will I be awake during the procedure?
  • How long will it take to wake up?
  • Will I remember anything during the procedure?
  • Is it safe for my heart?
  • Can I breastfeed after receiving this medicine?

🔄 Substitutes for ithiofast injection

View All

Alternative brands with exact same active ingredient:

Medical Note: Always consult your doctor before switching medications.

🛑 Myths vs. Facts

  • Myth: Thiopental sodium is used for execution by lethal injection.
    Fact: While thiopental sodium has been used in lethal injection protocols in some countries, its medical use is for anesthesia and is strictly regulated. This information is not relevant to its clinical use.
  • Myth: Thiopental sodium is a painkiller.
    Fact: Thiopental sodium is an anesthetic agent that induces unconsciousness; it does not provide pain relief after waking. Additional analgesics are needed for postoperative pain.
  • Myth: Thiopental sodium can be taken at home.
    Fact: This medicine is a controlled substance and must be administered only by healthcare professionals in a hospital setting.

🔄 Alternative Options

Generic Alternatives

  • Thiopental sodium

Brand Alternatives

  • Thiosol 1 gm injection

📊 Comparison with Similar Medicines

[{"medicine":"Thiopental sodium","class":"Barbiturate","onset":"30-60 seconds","duration":"5-20 minutes","primary_use":"Induction of anesthesia"},{"medicine":"Propofol","class":"Alkylphenol","onset":"15-45 seconds","duration":"3-10 minutes","primary_use":"Induction and maintenance of anesthesia"},{"medicine":"Etomidate","class":"Imidazole","onset":"30-60 seconds","duration":"3-5 minutes","primary_use":"Induction of anesthesia, especially in hemodynamically unstable patients"},{"medicine":"Ketamine","class":"NMDA receptor antagonist","onset":"30-60 seconds","duration":"10-20 minutes","primary_use":"Induction of anesthesia, analgesia, sedation"}]

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